A Modest Proposal
Jonathan Swift
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Swift's narrator, a calm and reasonable projector, describes the sight of beggar women crowded with ragged children in the streets of Dublin and the countryside. After careful calculation, he proposes that the poor sell their one-year-old children as food to the rich, and he lists recipes, prices and benefits. The tone never wavers. Near the end he sets aside, by saying he will not mention them, the real remedies: taxing absentee landlords, buying Irish goods, loving one's country, and showing landlords mercy toward their tenants.
Where it happens
Through time
Who is in it, and behind it
Jonathan Swift author
Anglo-Irish satirist and Anglican cleric, 1667 to 1745, dean of St Patrick's Cathedral from 1713.21
William Petty target
Economist whose style of social arithmetic the essay lampoons.1
Francis Bacon target
His followers' social engineering is lampooned along with Petty's.1
Psalmanazar reference
Imposter who claimed to come from Formosa; cited in the essay as an authority.1
The narrator persona
A deadpan projector who proposes selling children as food.1
What it is about
Sustained irony
The essay is widely held to be among the greatest examples of sustained irony in English.1
Satire of calculation
It lampoons social arithmetic and projects for social engineering.1
Apophasis
The real reforms are named by saying that no one should talk of them.1
Poverty and dehumanisation
The essay explores social injustice, poverty and class dehumanisation.1
A debated target
Critics argue over what Swift meant to criticise, and some challenge the satire label.1
In its own words
It is a melancholy object to those, who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabbin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms.
I think it is agreed by all parties, that this prodigious number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the common
As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of our projectors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in their computation.
I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricasee, or a ragous
I grant this food will be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper for landlords, who, as they have already devoured most of the parents, seem to have the best title to the children.
Dublin, shambles may be appointed for this purpose, in the most convenient parts of it, and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting; although I rather recommend buying the children alive, and dressing them hot from the knife, as we do roasting pigs.
How it came to be here
Jonathan Swift, an Anglo-Irish clergyman and dean of St Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin, published the essay in 1729. It is one of the best-known cases of sustained irony in English and a leading example of Juvenalian satire. The narrator's jokes mock the economic arithmetic associated with William Petty and the followers of Francis Bacon. Critics disagree about Swift's target, with readings that point to mercantilism, to tax law passed by the Irish Parliament, or to the Irish upper class's support of British rule. Since the mid-20th century, scholars have also examined Swift's own often hostile views of the Irish poor.
Free to read elsewhere
- Project Gutenberg ebook #1080
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Sources
Text: PG 1080; edition year not stated in gutendex. Standard Ebooks has it only inside the unreleased Swift 'Essays' (page says not in catalogue yet). US public domain (Project Gutenberg licence).
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