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A Modest Proposal

Jonathan Swift

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Swift's narrator, a calm and reasonable projector, describes the sight of beggar women crowded with ragged children in the streets of Dublin and the countryside. After careful calculation, he proposes that the poor sell their one-year-old children as food to the rich, and he lists recipes, prices and benefits. The tone never wavers. Near the end he sets aside, by saying he will not mention them, the real remedies: taxing absentee landlords, buying Irish goods, loving one's country, and showing landlords mercy toward their tenants.

Where it happens

  1. Dublin The town where the narrator sees beggars, and where Swift was dean of St Patrick's.12
  2. London Where the narrator's "very knowing American" acquaintance lives.1
  3. Trim, County Meath Swift moved here in 1700, when many of his major works were written.2

Through time

  1. 1667Swift is born on 30 November.2
  2. 1713He is appointed dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.2
  3. 1726Gulliver's Travels is published.2
  4. 1729A Modest Proposal is published.12
  5. 1745Swift dies on 19 October.2

Who is in it, and behind it

Jonathan Swift author

Anglo-Irish satirist and Anglican cleric, 1667 to 1745, dean of St Patrick's Cathedral from 1713.21

William Petty target

Economist whose style of social arithmetic the essay lampoons.1

Francis Bacon target

His followers' social engineering is lampooned along with Petty's.1

Psalmanazar reference

Imposter who claimed to come from Formosa; cited in the essay as an authority.1

The narrator persona

A deadpan projector who proposes selling children as food.1

What it is about

Sustained irony

The essay is widely held to be among the greatest examples of sustained irony in English.1

Satire of calculation

It lampoons social arithmetic and projects for social engineering.1

Apophasis

The real reforms are named by saying that no one should talk of them.1

Poverty and dehumanisation

The essay explores social injustice, poverty and class dehumanisation.1

A debated target

Critics argue over what Swift meant to criticise, and some challenge the satire label.1

In its own words

It is a melancholy object to those, who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabbin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms.
by Dr. Jonathan Swift: 1729. The opening image of the beggars, plain and unironic. Read on
I think it is agreed by all parties, that this prodigious number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the common
by Dr. Jonathan Swift: 1729. The projector frames the poor's children as a grievance to be solved. Read on
As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of our projectors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in their computation.
by Dr. Jonathan Swift: 1729. The narrator introduces himself as a careful reasoner. Read on
I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricasee, or a ragous
by Dr. Jonathan Swift: 1729. The proposal itself, set in a reference to an American acquaintance. Read on
I grant this food will be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper for landlords, who, as they have already devoured most of the parents, seem to have the best title to the children.
by Dr. Jonathan Swift: 1729. The joke about landlords turns the satire on the rich. Read on
Dublin, shambles may be appointed for this purpose, in the most convenient parts of it, and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting; although I rather recommend buying the children alive, and dressing them hot from the knife, as we do roasting pigs.
by Dr. Jonathan Swift: 1729. Practical suggestions for slaughter, delivered in a business tone. Read on

How it came to be here

Jonathan Swift, an Anglo-Irish clergyman and dean of St Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin, published the essay in 1729. It is one of the best-known cases of sustained irony in English and a leading example of Juvenalian satire. The narrator's jokes mock the economic arithmetic associated with William Petty and the followers of Francis Bacon. Critics disagree about Swift's target, with readings that point to mercantilism, to tax law passed by the Irish Parliament, or to the Irish upper class's support of British rule. Since the mid-20th century, scholars have also examined Swift's own often hostile views of the Irish poor.

Free to read elsewhere

Sources

  1. A Modest Proposal (Wikipedia)
  2. Jonathan Swift (Wikipedia)

Text: PG 1080; edition year not stated in gutendex. Standard Ebooks has it only inside the unreleased Swift 'Essays' (page says not in catalogue yet). US public domain (Project Gutenberg licence).

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