[
 {
  "id": "longroom",
  "n": "Long Room, Trinity College",
  "p": "Dublin, Ireland",
  "lat": 53.3439,
  "lon": -6.2546,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1712,
  "yl": "1712–32",
  "tier": "mvp",
  "ev": "known",
  "st": "Open to visitors; Old Library closes late 2027, reopening expected 2030",
  "dim": "63.7 × 12.2 × 14.2 m; 40 alcoves on two storeys; barrel vault of 1859–61",
  "vol": "About 200,000 of the oldest books",
  "wd": "Q1319605"
 },
 {
  "id": "admont",
  "n": "Admont Abbey library",
  "p": "Styria, Austria",
  "lat": 47.5753,
  "lon": 14.4614,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1776,
  "yl": "1776",
  "tier": "mvp",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "70 × 14 × 11 m (12.7 m under the central dome); seven domes, 48 windows",
  "vol": "About 200,000 works, 1,400 manuscripts, 530 incunabula",
  "wd": "Q304668"
 },
 {
  "id": "strahov",
  "n": "Strahov Library, Philosophical Hall",
  "p": "Prague, Czechia",
  "lat": 50.0862,
  "lon": 14.3893,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1794,
  "yl": "1792–94",
  "tier": "mvp",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "Philosophical Hall 32 × 10 × 14 m; Theological Hall size unpublished",
  "vol": "Over 21,000 in the Theological Hall, over 60,000 in the Philosophical Hall",
  "wd": "Q12056498"
 },
 {
  "id": "loc",
  "n": "Library of Congress Main Reading Room",
  "p": "Washington DC, USA",
  "lat": 38.8887,
  "lon": -77.0047,
  "k": "rotunda",
  "y": 1897,
  "yl": "1890–97",
  "tier": "mvp",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "Octagon 30.5 m across; dome top 38.1 m, lantern crown 48.8 m; eight alcoves (1897 Handbook)",
  "wd": "Q2615945"
 },
 {
  "id": "celsus",
  "n": "Library of Celsus",
  "p": "Ephesus, Türkiye",
  "lat": 37.9393,
  "lon": 27.3408,
  "k": "site",
  "y": 117,
  "yl": "About 110–135 CE",
  "tier": "mvp",
  "ev": "probable",
  "st": "Excavated 1903–04; facade rebuilt by anastylosis, 1970–78; part of the Ephesus UNESCO site (2015)",
  "dim": "Hall 16.7 × 10.9 m; facade 21 m wide, over 16 m high; interior lost 262 CE",
  "wd": "Q744406"
 },
 {
  "id": "alexandria",
  "n": "Library of Alexandria",
  "p": "Alexandria, Egypt",
  "lat": 31.2001,
  "lon": 29.9187,
  "k": "site",
  "y": -285,
  "yl": "Possibly under Ptolemy II, 285–246 BCE",
  "tier": "mvp",
  "ev": "speculative",
  "st": "No remains identified; a conjectural scene, shown beside Celsus. The Bibliotheca Alexandrina (2002) commemorates it",
  "dim": "No plan survives; evidence scored 1 of 5",
  "wd": "Q435"
 },
 {
  "id": "prunksaal",
  "n": "Prunksaal, Austrian National Library",
  "p": "Vienna, Austria",
  "lat": 48.2066,
  "lon": 16.3669,
  "k": "dome",
  "y": 1723,
  "yl": "1723–26",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "Almost 80 m long, 20 m high",
  "vol": "About 200,000 historical books",
  "wd": "Q12207289"
 },
 {
  "id": "bnf",
  "n": "Labrouste Reading Room, BnF",
  "p": "Paris, France",
  "lat": 48.8676,
  "lon": 2.3389,
  "k": "dome",
  "y": 1868,
  "yl": "1861–68",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "Nine domes on 16 columns about 10 m high",
  "wd": "Q114361821"
 },
 {
  "id": "stgallen",
  "n": "Abbey Library of St Gall",
  "p": "St. Gallen, Switzerland",
  "lat": 47.4233,
  "lon": 9.377,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1767,
  "yl": "1758–67",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "st": "Closed 9–23 Nov 2026",
  "vol": "More than 2,100 manuscripts; about 160,000 volumes",
  "wd": "Q689896"
 },
 {
  "id": "mafra",
  "n": "Mafra Palace library",
  "p": "Mafra, Portugal",
  "lat": 38.9369,
  "lon": -9.3256,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1771,
  "yl": "Shelves 1771; books moved in 1794",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "st": "Closed Aug 2025 for conservation; reopening unconfirmed",
  "dim": "88 × 9.5 × 13 m (sources give 83–88 m)",
  "vol": "Over 36,000 volumes (and resident bats)",
  "wd": "Q20919348"
 },
 {
  "id": "nypl",
  "n": "Rose Main Reading Room, NYPL",
  "p": "New York, USA",
  "lat": 40.7532,
  "lon": -73.9822,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1911,
  "yl": "1900–11",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "297 × 78 ft (90.5 × 23.8 m); 52 ft height unproven",
  "vol": "Nearly 53 million items",
  "wd": "Q7013887"
 },
 {
  "id": "bpl",
  "n": "Bates Hall, Boston Public Library",
  "p": "Boston, USA",
  "lat": 42.3493,
  "lon": -71.0782,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1895,
  "yl": "1895",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "218 × 42 × 50 ft, green lamps",
  "wd": "Q118130179"
 },
 {
  "id": "peabody",
  "n": "George Peabody Library",
  "p": "Baltimore, USA",
  "lat": 39.2972,
  "lon": -76.6155,
  "k": "atrium",
  "y": 1878,
  "yl": "1878",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "61 ft atrium, five cast-iron tiers",
  "vol": "About 300,000 volumes",
  "wd": "Q5543273"
 },
 {
  "id": "bodleian",
  "n": "Duke Humfrey's Library, Bodleian",
  "p": "Oxford, England",
  "lat": 51.754,
  "lon": -1.254,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1488,
  "yl": "1478–88",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "wd": "Q5312796"
 },
 {
  "id": "escorial",
  "n": "El Escorial library",
  "p": "San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain",
  "lat": 40.589,
  "lon": -4.1475,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1565,
  "yl": "First books arrive 1565",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "54 × 9 × 10 m",
  "vol": "More than 40,000 volumes",
  "wd": "Q3848863"
 },
 {
  "id": "gabinete",
  "n": "Real Gabinete Português de Leitura",
  "p": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",
  "lat": -22.9056,
  "lon": -43.1817,
  "k": "atrium",
  "y": 1887,
  "yl": "1880–87",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "vol": "About 350,000 volumes",
  "wd": "Q5411113"
 },
 {
  "id": "melk",
  "n": "Melk Abbey library",
  "p": "Melk, Austria",
  "lat": 48.2283,
  "lon": 15.3317,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1735,
  "yl": "Furnished 1735",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "vol": "About 100,000 books, 1,800 manuscripts, 750 incunabula",
  "wd": "Q1589808"
 },
 {
  "id": "klementinum",
  "n": "Klementinum Baroque Library",
  "p": "Prague, Czechia",
  "lat": 50.0866,
  "lon": 14.4162,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1726,
  "yl": "1709–26",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "vol": "About 27,000 historical volumes",
  "wd": "Q139474114"
 },
 {
  "id": "vatican",
  "n": "Sistine Hall, Vatican Library",
  "p": "Vatican City",
  "lat": 41.9045,
  "lon": 12.454,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1587,
  "yl": "1585–88, frescoes to 1590",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "st": "Reading room for qualified scholars only (Salone Sistino reading room since Oct 2017)",
  "dim": "70 × 15 m (Vatican Library); height not published",
  "wd": "Q213678"
 },
 {
  "id": "wiblingen",
  "n": "Wiblingen Abbey library",
  "p": "Ulm, Germany",
  "lat": 48.36,
  "lon": 9.9876,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1744,
  "yl": "1740–50",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "23 × 11.5 m, two storeys",
  "vol": "About 15,000 volumes at peak",
  "wd": "Q28790041"
 },
 {
  "id": "weimar",
  "n": "Rococo Hall, Anna Amalia Library",
  "p": "Weimar, Germany",
  "lat": 50.9789,
  "lon": 11.3318,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1766,
  "yl": "1766",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "st": "Fire on 2 Sep 2004 took about 50,000 volumes; reopened 24 Oct 2007",
  "wd": "Q50711"
 },
 {
  "id": "ottawa",
  "n": "Library of Parliament",
  "p": "Ottawa, Canada",
  "lat": 45.4249,
  "lon": -75.699,
  "k": "rotunda",
  "y": 1876,
  "yl": "1876",
  "tier": "later",
  "ev": "known",
  "st": "Closed 2019 with Centre Block; reopens about 2031–32",
  "wd": "Q1125633"
 },
 {
  "id": "stockholm",
  "n": "Stockholm Public Library",
  "p": "Stockholm, Sweden",
  "lat": 59.3434,
  "lon": 18.0547,
  "k": "rotunda",
  "y": 1928,
  "yl": "1928",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "st": "Closed since 20 June 2024, reopening early 2028",
  "vol": "About 2,000,000 items",
  "wd": "Q1246991"
 },
 {
  "id": "nineveh",
  "n": "Library of Ashurbanipal",
  "p": "Nineveh, near Mosul, Iraq",
  "lat": 36.3592,
  "lon": 43.1525,
  "k": "site",
  "y": -668,
  "yl": "Ashurbanipal reigned from 669/668 BCE",
  "tier": "lost",
  "ev": "probable",
  "vol": "About 32,000 tablets and fragments (British Museum)",
  "wd": "Q856544"
 },
 {
  "id": "pergamon",
  "n": "Library of Pergamon",
  "p": "Bergama, Türkiye",
  "lat": 39.1325,
  "lon": 27.184,
  "k": "site",
  "y": -220,
  "yl": "About 220–159 BCE",
  "tier": "lost",
  "ev": "probable",
  "st": "Ruins on the Acropolis; UNESCO World Heritage Site",
  "wd": "Q856590"
 },
 {
  "id": "herculaneum",
  "n": "Villa of the Papyri",
  "p": "Herculaneum, Italy",
  "lat": 40.807,
  "lon": 14.346,
  "k": "site",
  "y": -50,
  "yl": "Buried by Vesuvius in 79 CE",
  "tier": "lost",
  "ev": "known",
  "st": "PHerc. 1667 virtually unwrapped and read in full, 22 columns, June 2026; villa mostly still buried",
  "vol": "About 1,800 carbonised scrolls",
  "wd": "Q1347586"
 },
 {
  "id": "nalanda",
  "n": "Nalanda",
  "p": "Bihar, India",
  "lat": 25.1357,
  "lon": 85.443,
  "k": "site",
  "y": 427,
  "yl": "About 427 CE",
  "tier": "lost",
  "ev": "probable",
  "st": "UNESCO World Heritage Site; ASI-managed ruins open to visitors",
  "dim": "Excavated site of 23 ha (UNESCO); building counts unproven",
  "wd": "Q216243"
 },
 {
  "id": "dunhuang",
  "n": "Library Cave (Cave 17)",
  "p": "Dunhuang, China",
  "lat": 40.042,
  "lon": 94.809,
  "k": "site",
  "y": 1000,
  "yl": "Sealed early 11th century",
  "tier": "lost",
  "ev": "known",
  "st": "Mogao Caves UNESCO site; Cave 17 manuscripts dispersed (1907–08) to London, Paris and elsewhere",
  "vol": "Up to 50,000 manuscripts; IDP lists 154,919 entries",
  "wd": "Q28097247"
 },
 {
  "id": "buda",
  "n": "Bibliotheca Corviniana",
  "p": "Buda, Hungary",
  "lat": 47.4961,
  "lon": 19.0399,
  "k": "site",
  "y": 1460,
  "yl": "About 1460",
  "tier": "lost",
  "ev": "known",
  "vol": "About 216 volumes survive",
  "wd": "Q688736"
 },
 {
  "id": "timbuktu",
  "n": "Timbuktu manuscripts",
  "p": "Timbuktu, Mali",
  "lat": 16.7666,
  "lon": -3.0026,
  "k": "site",
  "y": 1300,
  "yl": "Manuscripts from the late 1200s on",
  "tier": "lost",
  "ev": "known",
  "st": "4,203 burned or stolen in 2012–13; returns began Aug 2025",
  "vol": "Total unknown; about 350,000 evacuated in 2012–13",
  "wd": "Q2209578"
 },
 {
  "id": "vikramashila",
  "n": "Vikramaśīla University",
  "p": "Bhagalpur district, India",
  "lat": 25.3244,
  "lon": 87.2867,
  "k": "site",
  "y": 783,
  "yl": "About 783 to about 1193",
  "tier": "lost",
  "ev": "probable",
  "st": "Partly excavated ruins with an ASI site museum, Antichak, Bhagalpur",
  "wd": "Q1634624"
 },
 {
  "id": "thanjavur",
  "n": "Saraswathi Mahal Library",
  "p": "Thanjavur, India",
  "lat": 10.7914,
  "lon": 79.1361,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1535,
  "yl": "Nayak royal library from 1535; Serfoji II expanded it 1798–1832; public 1918",
  "tier": "later",
  "ev": "known",
  "vol": "49,000+ volumes incl. 39,300 manuscripts",
  "wd": "Q3135924"
 },
 {
  "id": "khudabakhsh",
  "n": "Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library",
  "p": "Patna, India",
  "lat": 25.61,
  "lon": 85.1414,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1891,
  "yl": "1891",
  "tier": "later",
  "ev": "known",
  "vol": "21,136 manuscripts; about 2.08 million printed books",
  "wd": "Q6402791"
 },
 {
  "id": "nli",
  "n": "National Library of India",
  "p": "Kolkata, India",
  "lat": 22.5332,
  "lon": 88.3333,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1836,
  "yl": "1836 (Calcutta Public Library); National Library of India from 1953",
  "tier": "later",
  "ev": "known",
  "vol": "2.5 million+ books and records; 3,200 manuscripts",
  "wd": "Q619913"
 },
 {
  "id": "asiatic",
  "n": "Asiatic Society of Mumbai",
  "p": "Mumbai, India",
  "lat": 18.9322,
  "lon": 72.8362,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1804,
  "yl": "1804",
  "tier": "later",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "Town Hall 30 m high, 61 m span",
  "vol": "100,000+ books; 3,000+ manuscripts",
  "wd": "Q4058307"
 },
 {
  "id": "connemara",
  "n": "Connemara Public Library",
  "p": "Egmore, Chennai, India",
  "lat": 13.0706,
  "lon": 80.2567,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1896,
  "yl": "Opened 1896; founded 1890",
  "tier": "later",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "Heritage building of 20,000 sq ft",
  "vol": "600,000+ books",
  "wd": "Q5161767"
 },
 {
  "id": "sassoon",
  "n": "David Sassoon Library",
  "p": "Mumbai, India",
  "lat": 18.928,
  "lon": 72.8311,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1870,
  "yl": "1867–70",
  "tier": "later",
  "ev": "known",
  "vol": "About 30,000 books",
  "wd": "Q4120540"
 },
 {
  "id": "alexandrina",
  "n": "Bibliotheca Alexandrina",
  "p": "Alexandria, Egypt",
  "lat": 31.2089,
  "lon": 29.9092,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 2002,
  "yl": "2002",
  "tier": "later",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "Reading room 20,000 m², 11 levels",
  "vol": "Shelf space for 8 million books",
  "wd": "Q501851"
 },
 {
  "id": "baghdad",
  "n": "House of Wisdom",
  "p": "Round city of Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate",
  "lat": 33.3423,
  "lon": 44.3836,
  "k": "site",
  "y": 800,
  "yl": "8th century to 1258",
  "tier": "lost",
  "ev": "probable",
  "st": "No remains known; site lost",
  "wd": "Q33018"
 },
 {
  "id": "palafoxiana",
  "n": "Biblioteca Palafoxiana",
  "p": "Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza, Mexico",
  "lat": 19.0425,
  "lon": -98.1989,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1646,
  "yl": "1646",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "43 m long vaulted hall",
  "vol": "45,000+ books and manuscripts; 9 incunabula",
  "wd": "Q4903485"
 },
 {
  "id": "vasconcelos",
  "n": "Vasconcelos Library",
  "p": "Mexico City, Mexico",
  "lat": 19.4474,
  "lon": -99.1508,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 2006,
  "yl": "2006",
  "tier": "later",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "38,000 m²",
  "vol": "600,000 books",
  "wd": "Q6294156"
 },
 {
  "id": "slv",
  "n": "State Library Victoria",
  "p": "City of Melbourne, Australia",
  "lat": -37.8098,
  "lon": 144.965,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1856,
  "yl": "Foundation stone 1854; opened 1856",
  "tier": "later",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "Domed reading room, 1913",
  "vol": "3.89 million items registered",
  "wd": "Q1200052"
 },
 {
  "id": "tianyige",
  "n": "Tian Yi Ge",
  "p": "Ningbo, People's Republic of China",
  "lat": 29.8736,
  "lon": 121.5358,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1561,
  "yl": "1561–66",
  "tier": "later",
  "ev": "known",
  "vol": "About 300,000 volumes",
  "wd": "Q2066117"
 },
 {
  "id": "binhai",
  "n": "Tianjin Binhai Library",
  "p": "Tianjin, People's Republic of China",
  "lat": 39.016,
  "lon": 117.6812,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 2017,
  "yl": "2017",
  "tier": "later",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "33,700 m², 5 levels",
  "vol": "Capacity 1.2 million books",
  "wd": "Q47088811"
 },
 {
  "id": "haeinsa",
  "n": "Haeinsa",
  "p": "Gaya-myeon, South Korea",
  "lat": 35.8016,
  "lon": 128.0987,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1398,
  "yl": "Temple 802; Tripitaka housed since 1398",
  "tier": "later",
  "ev": "known",
  "st": "UNESCO World Heritage Site (with the Janggyeong Panjeon depositories); active Seon temple",
  "dim": "Two halls each 60.44 m long, 8.73 m wide, 7.8 m high",
  "vol": "About 80,000 woodblocks",
  "wd": "Q490798"
 },
 {
  "id": "ashikaga",
  "n": "Ashikaga Gakkō",
  "p": "Ashikaga, Japan",
  "lat": 36.3381,
  "lon": 139.4517,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 842,
  "yl": "About 842 (founding disputed) to 1872",
  "tier": "lost",
  "ev": "probable",
  "st": "National Historic Site; restored school open to visitors; Song-edition National Treasures held",
  "wd": "Q1053852"
 },
 {
  "id": "mcmillan",
  "n": "McMillan Memorial Library, Nairobi",
  "p": "Nairobi, Kenya",
  "lat": -1.2835,
  "lon": 36.8212,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1931,
  "yl": "1931",
  "tier": "later",
  "ev": "known",
  "st": "Closed for restoration from June 2026; phase 1 planned to run to October",
  "vol": "400,000+ books; East African newspapers from 1901",
  "wd": "Q60768249"
 },
 {
  "id": "malatestiana",
  "n": "Biblioteca Malatestiana",
  "p": "Cesena, Italy",
  "lat": 44.139,
  "lon": 12.243,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1452,
  "yl": "1452",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "three naves, eleven bays per aisle",
  "vol": "343 manuscripts and 400,000 later works",
  "wd": "Q1113843"
 },
 {
  "id": "joanina",
  "n": "Biblioteca Joanina",
  "p": "Coimbra, Portugal",
  "lat": 40.207,
  "lon": -8.426,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1728,
  "yl": "1717–28",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "st": "Two colonies of bats hunt the insects that eat paper. Each evening the tables are covered with leather",
  "dim": "three great rooms divided by decorated arches",
  "vol": "nearly 60,000 volumes",
  "wd": "Q1773229"
 },
 {
  "id": "hereford",
  "n": "Hereford Cathedral Chained Library",
  "p": "Hereford, England",
  "lat": 52.054,
  "lon": -2.716,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1611,
  "yl": "1611–",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "the largest surviving chained library",
  "vol": "229 chained manuscripts plus 1,500 early printed books",
  "wd": "Q15223702"
 },
 {
  "id": "morgan",
  "n": "The Morgan Library, McKim Building",
  "p": "New York, USA",
  "lat": 40.749,
  "lon": -73.981,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1906,
  "yl": "1902–06",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "the West Room: McKim’s three-room library",
  "vol": "Three Gutenberg Bibles, plus manuscripts and drawings",
  "wd": "Q1478423"
 },
 {
  "id": "stegen",
  "n": "Sainte-Geneviève Library",
  "p": "Paris, France",
  "lat": 48.847,
  "lon": 2.346,
  "k": "hall",
  "y": 1851,
  "yl": "1838–51",
  "tier": "w2",
  "ev": "known",
  "dim": "Labrouste’s iron-framed reading room",
  "vol": "about 2 million items",
  "wd": "Q517249"
 }
]